Fig. 4

Small molecules inhibit activation of oncogene-induced senescence and apoptosis in SG-BPCs. A Representative SA-β-galactosidase staining images of SG epithelial cells cultured under KEM and KEM + YAL conditions at PD40. Scale bar: 100 μm. B The β-gal + cells are quantified in conditions without and with the small-molecule compounds. An unpaired Two-tailed t-test is used to calculate significance. Quantification is conducted from a single experiment with three technical repeats and expressed as mean ± SD. ** = p < 0.01. C The gene expression of cellular senescence marker (CDKN1A, CDKN2A, MMP10, and TENM2) in SG epithelial cells untreated and treated with small molecules. D Representative TUNEL staining images of SG epithelial cells in the KEM and KEM + YAL groups at PD5 and PD40. Scale bar: 50 μm. E TUNEL + cells are quantified in conditions without and with the small-molecule compounds. An unpaired Two-tailed t-test is used to calculate significance. Quantification is conducted from a single experiment with three technical repeats and expressed as mean ± SD. * = p < 0.05. F The gene expression of cellular apoptosis markers (BMF and BCL-xL) in SG epithelial cells untreated and treated with small molecules. Two-way ANOVA (alpha = 0.05) is conducted on data presented in (C) and (F) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons. The data are representative of three independent experiments performed in triplicate and are expressed as mean ± SEM. * = p < 0.05, *** = p < 0.001